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固体电介质击穿是在强电场作用下,固体电介质丧失电绝缘能力而由绝缘状态突变为良导电状态。 电介质击穿(dielectric breakdown)固体电介质击穿 导致击穿的最低临界电压称为击穿电压。均匀电场中,击穿电压与介质厚度之比称为击穿电场强度(简称击穿场强,又称介电强度)。它反映固体电介质自身的耐电强度。不均匀电场中,击穿电压与击穿处介质厚度之比称为平均击穿场强,它低于均匀电场中固体介质的介电强度。固体介质击穿后,由于有巨大电流通过,介质中会出现熔化或烧焦的通道,或出现裂纹。脆性介质击穿时,常发生材料的碎裂,可据此破碎非金属矿石
在强电场作用下,固体电介质丧失电绝缘能力而由绝缘状态突变为良导电状态。导致击穿的最低临界电压称为击穿电压。均匀电场中,击穿电压与固体电介质厚度之比称为击穿电场强度(简称击穿场强,又称介电强度),它反映固体电介质自身的耐电强度。不均匀电场中,击穿电压与击穿处固体电介质厚度之比称为平均击穿场强,它低于均匀电场中固体电介质的介电强度。固体电介质发生击穿后,由于有巨大的电流通过,电介质中会出现熔化或烧焦的通道,或出现机械损伤的裂纹。固体电介质的这些变化是不可逆的,不能自己恢复原来的绝缘性能。脆性固体电介质击穿时,常发生材料的碎裂,故可用击穿效应来破碎非金属矿石等。
击穿形式 根据击穿的发展过程,固体电介质的击穿可分为3种形式:电击穿、热击穿和电化学击穿。它们的一般特征如表所示。同一种电介质中发生何种形式的击穿,取决于不同的外界因素。随着击穿过程中固体电介质内部的变化,击穿过程可以从一种形式转变为另一种形式。 电击穿 取决于固体电介质中碰撞电离的一种击穿形式。电场使电介质中积聚起足够数量和足够能量的带电质点,导致电介质丧失绝缘性能。对于电击穿有以下几种不同的理论解释:本征击穿、电子崩击穿和电致机械应力击穿,通常以本征击穿代表电击穿,所以电击穿有时又称本征击穿。本征击穿过程所需时间为10-8s数量级,击穿场强大于1MV/cm。
固体电介质内总会存在少量自由传导(处于导带的)电子。在电场作用下,它们会从电场获取能量。单位时间内这些电子取得的能量A与电场强度E、电子本身能量W、点格温度T有关。另一方面,传导电子也将因与固体电介质点格发生碰撞而失去一部分能量。单位时间内传导电子失去的能量B与W和T有关。当点格温度T为定值时,A、B与W的关系如图1所示。图中E2>EC>E1。当外加电场为E2>EC时,因一部分传导电子的能量处于W2~WC之间,单位时间内这些电子获得的能量A始终大于失去的能量B,电子被加速,碰撞点格时产生电离,使处于导带的电子不断增加,电流急剧上升,最终导致固体电介质击穿。当外加电场为E1EC时,虽然偶而会有能量大于W1的电子出现,且因此时A>B而使点格发生碰撞电离、产生新的传导电子;但因电子能量大于W1的概率很低,所以传导电子不断增多的过程很难出现,固体电介质不会击穿。处于临界状态的EC即为固体电介质的介电强度。
热击穿 在电场作用下,固体电介质承受的电场强度虽不足以发生电击穿,但因电介质内部热量积累、温度过高而导致失去绝缘能力,从而由绝缘状态突变为良导电状态。
固体电介质在电场作用下将因电导和极化损耗而发热。单位时间内固体电介质的发热量A与作用电压U、介质温度t有关。另一方面固体电介质也将向四周散发热量。单位时间内固体电介质的散热量B与(t-t0)有关(t0为环境温度)。A、B与t的关系如图2所示。图中U2>UC>U1。当外加电压U2>UC时,固体电介质中的发热量A大于散热量B,介质温度上升,且因A始终大于B,所以固体电介质的温度不断上升,最终介质被烧焦、烧熔或烧裂,丧失绝缘性能,发生热击穿。当外加电压U1UC时,虽然开始时A>B,固体电介质温度上升;但当温度升到t1时,发热量A与散热量B相等,建立起了热平衡。此时,若介质能耐受温度t1的作用,则固体电介质能正常工作,不会发生热击穿。当外加电压等于UC时,当介质温度升到t2时,建立起了热平衡,但不稳定。温度略有升高,发热量A即大于散热量B,最终仍然发生热击穿。电压UC是发生热击穿的临界电压。
电化学击穿 在电场、温度等因素作用下,固体电介质发生缓慢的化学变化,性能逐渐劣化,最终丧失绝缘能力,从而由绝缘状态突变为良导电状态。电化学击穿过程包括两部分:因固体电介质发生化学变化而引起的电介质老化;与老化有关的击穿过程。
固体电介质发生缓慢化学变化的原因多种多样。直流电压下,固体电介质因离子电导而发生电解,结果在电极附近形成导电的金属树枝状物,甚至从一个电极伸展到另一个电极。在电场作用下,固体电介质内部的气泡中,或不同固体电介质之间的气隙或油隙中,会发生局部放电。与固体电介质接触的电极边缘场强较强的局部区域内如有气体或液体电介质,这里也会发生局部放电。局部放电的长期作用会使固体电介质逐步损坏。空气中的放电将形成臭氧、氮的氧化物等化学性质活泼的物质,它们会使固体电介质发生化学变化。对有机固体电介质,在电极上尖端处或微小空气隙处,会发生树枝状放电,并留下炭化痕迹。
电场越强,温度越高,电压作用时间越长,固体电介质的化学变化进行得越强烈,其性能的劣化也越严重。
固体电介质的化学变化通常使其电导增加,这会使固体电介质的温度上升,因而电化学击穿的最终形式是热击穿。
影响因素 影响固体电介质击穿电压的主要因素有:电场的不均匀程度,作用电压的种类及施加的时间,温度,固体电介质性能、结构,电压作用次数,机械负荷,受潮等。
①电场的不均匀程度:均匀、致密的固体电介质在均匀电场中的击穿场强可达1~10MV/cm。击穿场强决定于物质的内部结构,与外界因素的关系较小。当电介质厚度增加时,由于电介质本身的不均匀性,击穿场强会下降。当厚度极小时 (-3~10-4cm),击穿场强又会增加。电场越不均匀,击穿场强下降越多。电场局部加强处容易产生局部放电,在局部放电的长时间作用下,固体电介质将产生化学击穿。
②作用电压时间、种类:固体电介质的三种击穿形式与电压作用时间有密切关系 (图3)。同一种固体电介质,在相同电场分布下,其雷电冲击击穿电压通常大于工频击穿电压,且直流击穿电压也大于工频击穿电压。交流电压频率增高时,由于局部放电更强,介质损耗更大,发热严重,更易发生热击穿或导致化学击穿提前到来。
③温度:当温度较低,处于电击穿范围内时,固体电介质的击穿场强与温度基本无关。当温度稍高,固体电介质可能发生热击穿。周围温度越高,散热条件越差,热击穿电压就越低。
④固体电介质性能、结构:工程用固体电介质往往不很均匀、致密,其中的气孔或其他缺陷会使电场畸变,损害固体电介质。电介质厚度过大,会使电场分布不均匀,散热不易,降低击穿场强。固体电介质本身的导热性好,电导率或介质损耗小,则热击穿电压会提高。
⑤电压作用次数:当电压作用时间不够长,或电场强度不够高时,电介质中可能来不及发生完全击穿,而只发生不完全击穿。这种现象在极不均匀电场中和雷电冲击电压作用下特别显著。在电压的多次作用下,一系列的不完全击穿将导致介质的完全击穿。由不完全击穿导致固体电介质性能劣化而积累起来的效应称为累积效应。
⑥机械负荷:固体电介质承受机械负荷时,若材料开裂或出现微观裂缝,击穿电压将下降。
⑦受潮:固体电介质受潮后,击穿电压将下降。
提高击穿电压措施 根据固体电介质的击穿形式及影响击穿电压的因素,提高固体电介质击穿电压的主要措施有:①改善电场分布(见电场调整),如电极边缘的固体电介质表面涂半导电漆;②调整多层绝缘中各层电介质所承受的电压;③对多孔性、纤维性材料经干燥后浸油、浸漆,以防止吸潮,提高局部放电起始电压;④加强冷却,提高热击穿电压;⑤改善环境条件,防止高温,避免潮气、臭氧等有害物质的侵蚀 (转载至百度百科) 模型采用随机分布在绝缘固体中的金属颗粒来引导击穿。
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**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)
击穿过程中,电导率变化 ![](https://img.jishulink.com/upload/201909/99517cf09cfc42bfac93fa00d9ba3be3.gif)
有兴趣的可以加我,交流模型。
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